Target 9: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources
Indicators
25. Proportion of land area covered by forest
The Proportion of land area covered by forest is the forest areas as a share of total land area, where land area is the total surface area of the country less the area covered by inland waters, such as major rivers and lakes. As defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Global Forest Resources Assessmen, 2000, forest includes both natural forests and forest plantations. It refers to land with an existing or expected tree canopy of more than 10 per cent and an area of more than 0.5 hectare where the trees should be able to reach a minimum height of five metres. Forests are identified by both the presence of trees and the absence of other land uses. Land from which forest has been cleared but that will be reforested in the foreseeable future is included. Excluded are stands of trees established primarily for agricultural production, such as fruit tree plantations.
26. Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area
The ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area is defined as nationally protected area as a percentage of total surface area of a country. The generally accepted IUCN-World Conservation Union definition of a protected area is an area of land or sea dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of natural and associated cultural resources and managed through legal or other effective means.
27. Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP (PPP)
Energy use (kilogram oil equivalent) per $1 gross domestic product (PPP) is commercial energy use measured in units of oil equivalent per $1 of gross domestic product converted from national currencies using purchasing power parity conversion factors.
28. Carbon dioxide emissions per capita and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs (ODP tons)
Carbon dioxide emissions per capita is the total amount of carbon dioxide emitted by a country as a consequence of human (production and consumption) activities, divided by the population of the country. In the global carbon dioxide emission estimates of the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center of Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the United States, the calculated country emissions of carbon dioxide include emissions from consumption of solid, liquid and gas fuels; cement production; and gas flaring. National reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which follows the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines, is based on national emission inventories and covers all sources of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions as well as carbon sinks (such as forests).Consumption of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in ODP (ozone-depleting potential) tons is the sum of the consumption of the weighted tons of the individual substances in the group-metric tons of the individual substance (defined in the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer) multiplied by its ozone-depleting potential. An ozone-depleting substance is any substance containing chlorine or bromine that destroys the stratospheric ozone layer. The stratospheric ozone layer absorbs most of the biologically damaging ultraviolet radiation.
29. Proportion of population using solid fuels
Proportion of population using solid fuels is the proportion of the population that relies on biomass (wood, charcoal, crop residues and dung) and coal as the primary source of domestic energy for cooking and heating.
Target 10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Indicators
30. Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural
The proportion of the population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural, is the percentage of the population who use any of the following types of water supply for drinking: piped water, public tap, borehole or pump, protected well, protected spring or rainwater. Improved water sources do not include vendor-provided water, bottled water, tanker trucks or unprotected wells and springs.
31. Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation, urban and rural
Proportion of the urban and rural population with access to improved sanitation refers to the percentage of the population with access to facilities that hygienically separate human excreta from human, animal and insect contact. Facilities such as sewers or septic tanks, poor-flush latrines and simple pit or ventilated improved pit latrines are assumed to be adequate, provided that they are not public, according to the World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund's Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained.
Target 11: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
Indicators
32. Proportion of households with access to secure tenure
The proportion of households with access to secure tenure is 1 minus the percentage of the urban population that lives in slums. In the absence of data on number of slum dwellers, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) produces estimates based on a definition of slums as agreed by the Expert Group Meeting on Urban Indicators in 2002. Those indicators will be adjusted, and the definitions of secure tenure and slums will be refined through future consultations with Expert Group Meeting participants and their related networks of professionals.Secure tenure refers to households that own or are purchasing their homes, are renting privately or are in social housing or subtenancy. Households without secure tenure are defined as squatters (whether or not they pay rent), homeless and households with no formal agreement.
UN-HABITAT defines a slum household as a group of individuals living under the same roof who lack one or more (in some cities, two or more) of the following conditions: security of tenure, structural quality and durability of dwellings, access to safe water, access to sanitation facilities and sufficient living area.
For more information on the subject:
 | Indicators for Monitoring the Millennium Development Goals--Definitions, Rationale, Concepts and Sources The present handbook provides guidance on the definitions, rationale, concepts and sources of data for each of the indicators that are being used to monitor the goals and targets. For more information, please visit the United Nations Statistics Division website |
